Diet, physical activity and your risk of prostate cancer

A healthy diet and regular exercise are important for health, and might help lower your risk of being diagnosed with advanced or aggressive prostate cancer. The following information may be useful if you want to find out more about healthy eating and physical activity.

If you've been diagnosed with prostate cancer, take a look at our information on diet and physical activity for men with prostate cancer.

Can a healthy lifestyle reduce my risk of prostate cancer?

No one knows how to prevent prostate cancer, but a healthy lifestyle may be important.

The latest research suggests that being overweight may increase your risk of being diagnosed with aggressive or advanced prostate cancer. Eating a healthy, balanced diet and keeping physically active can help you stay a healthy weight, and so might help to lower your risk.

You can’t change your age, ethnicity or family history, but you can take control of your diet and weight.

What is a healthy weight?

A quick way to check if you’re a healthy weight is to measure your waist. Wrap a tape measure around your body, half-way between the top of your hips and the bottom of your ribs. For a man, if your waist size is 94cm (37 inches) or more, you’re likely to be overweight. This means you have a higher risk of health problems, possibly including aggressive or advanced prostate cancer.

A healthy weight can also improve your general wellbeing and help to prevent other health problems, such as type-2 diabetes, heart disease and some other cancers.

Visit the NHS website to read about other ways of checking whether you’re a healthy weight.

What is a healthy diet?

A balanced diet should contain all of the food groups shown in the Eatwell Guide below. This will ensure your body has all the energy and nutrients it needs, and only a small amount of fatty and sugary foods.

The Eatwell Guide shows how much of what you eat should come from each food group. This includes everything you eat and drink during the day.

There are lots of healthy eating tips and recipes on the NHS and World Cancer Research Fund websites.

Tips for healthy eating
- Eat at least five portions of a variety of fruit and vegetables every day.
- Base meals on starchy foods like potatoes, bread, rice, pasta, plantain and sweet potato, choosing wholegrain versions where possible.
- Have some dairy or dairy alternatives, such as soya drinks, and choose lower-fat options.
- Eat some protein, such as beans, pulses, fish, eggs and lean meat – include two portions of fish every week, one of which should be oily.
- Choose unsaturated oils and spreads and eat these in small amounts.
- Drink six to eight glasses of fluid a day.
- Only have small amounts of foods and drinks that are high in saturated fat or salt, such as butter, cakes and crisps.
- Choose low-sugar foods and drinks that contain 5g or less of sugar per 100g.

How much physical activity should I do?

Regular physical activity is good for your general health. People who keep active are more likely to be a healthy weight and less likely to develop health problems such as heart disease, type-2 diabetes and some cancers.

We don’t yet know whether physical activity can help prevent prostate cancer, but some studies suggest it may help to lower your risk, particularly of aggressive prostate cancers. Vigorous exercise may be better than light exercise, but any exercise is better than none at all.

Try these tips to help you get active
- Aim to do at least 150 minutes (2.5 hours) of moderate exercise every week, such as brisk walking, cycling or pushing a lawnmower. This doesn't have to be all in one go.
- You could start gently for short periods of time, such as 10 to 15 minutes, and slowly increase this to 30 minutes five times a week.
- Find a sport or activity you enjoy – or do lots of different ones so you don’t get bored.
- You might find it more fun to exercise with other people. Ask a friend to come with you, or join a sports team or running group.
- If you often drive or take the bus for short journeys, try taking a brisk walk instead.
- Try to spend less time sitting down. You could move about while you watch TV, or choose more active video games. And don't forget to stand up regularly if you sit down to work.
- You might find it helpful to write down everything you do in an activity dairy so you can see how well you're doing.
Speak to your doctor before making any new exercise, especially if you have other health problems such as heart or lung disease, or joint problems

Can any foods lower my risk of prostate cancer?

There is no strong evidence that any individual food can lower your risk of prostate cancer.

You may have heard that certain foods might lower your risk, including pulses, such as beans, peas, lentils and soya foods, and foods containing:

lycopene – such as tomatoes and tomato products
selenium – such as Brazil nuts, fish, seafood, liver and kidney
vitamin E – such as nuts, seeds, wholegrains, green leafy vegetables and avocados.

But there isn't any strong evidence that these help. Instead it's a good idea to choose a balanced diet, including lots of fruit and vegetables and a wide range of other healthy foods, to prevent other health problems and help stay a healthy weight.

Which foods might increase my risk of prostate cancer?

We don’t know for certain whether any foods increase the risk of prostate cancer. But some foods might increase your risk if you eat a lot of them.

Dairy foods

Eating or drinking lots of dairy products, such as milk, yoghurt and cheese, might increase your risk of prostate cancer. We don't know why this is but it might be because of the calcium in them.

Aim for three portions of dairy a day. Dairy alternatives with added calcium, such as soya yoghurt or soya milk, also count as dairy foods. A portion is one small pot of yoghurt, a glass of milk or a small piece of cheese (matchbox-sized or 30g). Choose lower-fat and lower-sugar options when you can.

Calcium

Having too much calcium in your diet might increase your risk of prostate cancer. But you do need about 700mg a day to keep your bones healthy. You can get this from a balanced diet. For example, a 200ml glass of milk contains 240mg of calcium and a small yoghurt contains about 200mg. You can also get small amounts of calcium from meat, fish, nuts, pulses, fruit and vegetables.

Processed and red meat

Eating red and processed meat increases your risk of some types of cancer. We don't know if it increases the risk of prostate cancer. Red meat includes beef, pork, lamb or goat. Processed meat includes ham, bacon and other cured or preserved meats.

The World Cancer Research Fund recommends eating no more than 500g of cooked red meat per week (700 to 750g when raw), and avoiding processed meat. A medium portion of cooked roast beef is usually about 90g and a medium cooked steak is 145g.

Alcohol

Drinking alcohol increases the risk of some types of cancer. We don't know if it increases the risk of prostate cancer.

Limit the amount of alcohol you drink to 14 units a week. This is about six pints of average-strength or six small glasses (175ml) of average-strength wine. Try to spread this out throughout the week and have some alcohol-free days.

Visit the NHS website for more information about alcohol units and how to cut back on the amount of alcohol you drink.

Other foods

Some other foods, such as saturated fats and certain ways of cooking meat, such as cooking it well done or burning it, might increase your risk of prostate cancer.

Check prostatecanceruk.org for updates on new research.

Can I take supplements to lower my risk?

Some people take supplements to try to lower their risk of cancer, but studies suggest this isn’t likely to work. In fact, some supplements may even be harmful.

The best way to get all the vitamins, minerals and other nutrients your body needs is to eat a healthy, balanced diet, including plenty of fruit and vegetables.

Speak to your doctor before taking any supplements and don't take more than the recommended daily allowance.

What about smoking?

Smoking increases the risk of health problems such as heart disease, stroke and some cancers. Most studies suggest that smoking probably doesn’t increase your risk of getting prostate cancer. But if you smoke, you may be more likely to get an aggressive type of prostate cancer that is more likely to grow and spread to other parts of the body, and so you may be more likely to die from prostate cancer, if you get it.

If you stop smoking, your risk should start to drop and after 10 years it could be as low as for men who have never smoked. Your GP can help you stop smoking and can tell you about ‘stop smoking’ clinics. Visit the NHS website for more information to help you stop smoking.

References

Updated: March 2018 | To be reviewed: March 2021

References used
- Bylsma LC, Alexander DD. A review and meta-analysis of prospective studies of red and processed meat, meat cooking methods, heme iron, heterocyclic amines and prostate cancer. Nutr J. 2015; 14:125.
- Cancer Research UK. Average Number of New Cases per Year and Age-Specific Incidence Rates, Males, UK, 2012-2014. [Internet] 2016 [cited 20 November 2017]. Available from: www.cancerresearchuk.org/health-professional/cancer-statistics/statistics-by-cancer-type/prostate-cancer/incidence#heading-One
- Cancer Research UK. Lifetime risk of prostate cancer. [Internet] 2017 [cited 20 November 2017]. Available from: www.cancerresearchuk.org/health-professional/cancer-statistics/statistics-by-cancer-type/prostate-cancer/incidence#heading-Four
- Chen et al. Lycopene and Risk of Prostate Cancer: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Medicine. 2015; 94(33): e1260
- Committee on Carcinogenicity of Chemicals in Food, Consumer Products and the Environment (COC). Statement on consumption of alcoholic beverages and risk of cancer. Statement 2015/S2. [Internet] 2015 [cited 8 January 2018]. Available from: https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/490584/COC_2015_S2__Alcohol_and_Cancer_statement_Final_version.pdf
- De Nunzio C, Andriole GL, Thompson IM, Freedland SJ. Smoking and Prostate Cancer: A Systematic Review. European Urology Focus. 2015; 1(1): 28–38.
- Department of Health, Physical Activity, Health Improvement and Protection. Start Active, Stay Active: A report on physical activity from the four home countries’ Chief Medical Officers. London; 2011.
- Gathirua-Mwangi WG, Zhang J. Dietary factors and risk for advanced prostate cancer. Eur J Cancer Prev. 2014; 23(2):96-109.
- Ho T et al. Smoking and risk of low- and high-grade prostate cancer: Results from the REDUCE study. Clin Cancer Res. 2014; 20(20): 5331–5338.
- Hori S. Butler E. McLoughlin J . Prostate cancer and diet: food for thought? BJU International. 2011; 107(9):1348-59.
- Islami F, Moreira DM, Boffetta P, Freedland SJ. A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Tobacco Use and Prostate Cancer Mortality and Incidence in Prospective Cohort Studies. European Urology. 2014 Dec;66(6):1054–64.
- Kiciński M, Vangronsveld J, Nawrot TS. An Epidemiological Reappraisal of the Familial Aggregation of Prostate Cancer: A Meta-Analysis. Little J, editor. PLoS ONE. 2011 Oct 31;6(10):e27130.
- Liu YP et al. Does Physical Activity Reduce the Risk of Prostate Cancer? A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. European Urology 2001; 60: 1029–1044.
- Lloyd T, Hounsome L, Mehay A, Mee S, Verne J, Cooper A. Lifetime risk of being diagnosed with, or dying from, prostate cancer by major ethnic group in England 2008–2010. BMC Med. 2015 Jul 30;13(1):171.
- NHS Choices. Milk and dairy in your diet. [Internet] 2015 [cited 11 January 2018]. Available from: www.nhs.uk/Livewell/Goodfood/Pages/milk-dairy-foods.aspx
- NHS Choices. The risks of drinking too much [Internet]. 2017 [cited 8 January 2018]. Available from: www.nhs.uk/Livewell/alcohol/Pages/Effectsofalcohol.aspx
- NHS Choices. Vitamins and minerals - Calcium - NHS Choices [Internet]. 2014. Available from: http://www.nhs.uk/Conditions/vitamins-minerals/Pages/Calcium.aspx
- NHS Choices. Why is my waist size important? [Internet]. 2016 [cited 20 November 2017]. Available from: http://www.nhs.uk/chq/Pages/849.aspx?CategoryID=51
- Perez-Cornago A, Appleby PN, Pischon T, Tsilidis KK, Tjønneland A, Olsen A, et al. Tall height and obesity are associated with an increased risk of aggressive prostate cancer: results from the EPIC cohort study. BMC Medicine [Internet]. 2017
- Public Health England. Prostate cancer risk management programme (PCRMP): benefits and risks of PSA testing [Internet]. GOV.UK; 2016. [cited 11 January 2018] Available from: www.gov.uk/government/publications/prostate-cancer-risk-management-programme-psa-test-benefits-and-risks/prostate-cancer-risk-management-programme-pcrmp-benefits-and-risks-of-psa-testing
- Public Health England. The Eatwell Guide: Helping you eat a healthy, balanced diet. [Internet] 2016 [cited 20 November 2016]. Available from: https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/551502/Eatwell_Guide_booklet.pdf
- Rowles et al. Increased dietary and circulating lycopene are associated with reduced prostate cancer risk: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Prostate Cancer and Prostatic Diseases. 2017
- Schwingshackl L et al. Dietary Supplements and Risk of Cause-Specific Death, Cardiovascular Disease, and Cancer: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Primary Prevention Trials. Adv Nutr 2017; 8:27–39.
- Stratton J. Godwin M. The effect of supplemental vitamins and minerals on the development of prostate cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Family Practice. 2011; 28(3):243-52.
- Wang et al. Effect of carotene and lycopene on the risk of prostate cancer: a systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of observational studies. PloS one. 2015
- World Cancer Research Fund International/American Institute for Cancer Research Continuous Update Project Report: Diet, Nutrition, Physical Activity, and Prostate Cancer. [Internet] 2014 [cited 20 November 2017]. Available from: www.wcrf.org/sites/default/files/Prostate-Cancer-2014-Report.pdf
- World Cancer Research Fund. Cancer prevention & survival: Summary of global evidence on diet, weight, physical activity & what increases or decreases your risk of cancer. [Internet] 2017 [cited 20 November 2017]. Available from: http://www.wcrf.org/sites/default/files/CUP_Summary_Report_Sept17.pdf
- World Health Organisation. Global recommendations on physical activity for health. 2010. http://whqlibdoc.who.int/publications/2010/9789241599979_eng.pdf?ua=1
- World Health Organisation. WHO Global Report: Mortality attributable to tobacco. [Internet] 2012 [cited 20 November 2017]. Available from: http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/44815/1/9789241564434_eng.pdf
- Young-McCaughan S. Potential for prostate cancer prevention through physical activity. World J Urol 2012; 30:167–179.
- Zu K, Giovannucci E. Smoking and aggressive prostate cancer: a review of the epidemiologic evidence. Cancer Causes Control. 2009 Jun 27;20(10):1799–810.