Diet and prostate cancer

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A healthy diet is important for general health and can help you stay a healthy weight. It can also help you manage the effects of prostate cancer and its treatment.

We don’t recommend any set diet. Instead, we suggest some changes to improve your overall health, and that might help with your prostate cancer. We also have a page about physical activity and which foods you should eat or avoid, if you have prostate cancer.

Diet and physical activity fact sheet

This fact sheet is for anyone with prostate cancer who wants to improve their general health.

Download or order fact sheet

Why is a healthy lifestyle important?

A healthy lifestyle can give you more control over your health and help you to improve it. Lots of things can affect your health, including the following.

Body weight

Staying a healthy weight is one of the best things you can do for your overall health. It can lower your risk of many health problems, including heart disease, type-2 diabetes and some cancers. It may also be important for men with prostate cancer, as there is strong evidence that being overweight raises the risk of aggressive or advanced prostate cancer.

Being a healthy weight may mean your prostate cancer is less likely to spread after surgery or radiotherapy. Hormone therapy might also be less effective if you're very overweight. And staying a healthy weight may help you manage or reduce some of the side effects of treatments, such as urinary problems after surgery.

What if I'm underweight?

Being underweight can also affect your health. For example, underweight men have a higher risk of bone thinning. Some types of hormone therapy can also cause bone thinning, so men on hormone therapy may be particularly at risk of bone thinning if they are also underweight. And being underweight can also slow your recovery from treatments such as surgery.

If you're underweight and are struggling to put on weight, speak to your GP. They may check to see if you have any other health problems that could be causing your weight loss. They may also refer you to a dietitian to help you put on some weight.

How do I know if I'm a healthy weight?

Your body mass index (BMI) can be a good way to check if you're a healthy weight for your height. The NHS website has information about how to work out your BMI.

A BMI chart is not suitable for everyone. If you have a very muscular build, it may not be suitable. This is because your BMI only tells you if you’re carrying too much weight – it can’t tell the difference between fat and muscle.

Your BMI limit may also change depending on your ethnicity. For example, a lower BMI threshold is recommended for with a South Asian, Chinese, other Asian, Middle Eastern, Black African or African-Caribbean background.

Your waist to height ratio

If your BMI is below 35, another way to measure body fat is your waist to height ratio (waist size divided by height). To calculate this, start by wrapping a tape measure around your body, half-way between the top of your hips and the bottom of your ribs. Don’t suck your tummy in, just breathe out naturally. Take this measurement and divide it by your height. You should use the same unit to measure both (for examples centimetres or inches).

For example, a waist size of 90cm divided by a height of 170cm would equal a waist to height ratio of 0.53. A waist to height radio of 0.5 or higher means you may be at higher risk of other health problems. You may find it easier to use the waist to height radio calculator on the NHS website.

Losing weight safely

It’s important to lose weight steadily by making healthy changes to your diet, and slowly increasing the amount of exercise you do. Try to avoid popular short-term diets that cause very quick weight loss. They often cut out important food groups or can be too low in calories. If you lose weight too quickly by not eating enough, your body might not get all the nutrients it needs. And if you don't keep eating healthily after losing weight, you may put the weight back on again. It’s always best to speak to your doctor or a dietitian before changing your diet.

Getting support

Talk to your doctor if you’re worried about your weight – whether you want to lose or gain weight. They can help you think about suitable changes to your diet or types of physical activity. They may be able to refer you to a dietitian or exercise programme. You can also get more information from other organisations.

Top tip

Remember – if you’re overweight, any weight loss is better than none. And once you’ve achieved your goal, it’s important to continue eating healthily and being active to keep the weight off.

Diet

A healthy diet is important for your overall health. It can help you stay a healthy weight and can lower your risk of health problems such as heart disease, type-2 diabetes and some cancers. A healthy diet can also help you recover if you’ve had prostate cancer surgery (radical prostatectomy).

You may have heard of certain foods or diets that might be helpful for men with prostate cancer, and some that might be harmful. Unfortunately, different studies have had different results, so we don't know for sure whether specific foods can affect the growth of prostate cancer or the risk of it spreading.

However, some changes to your diet may help reduce or manage some of the side effects of prostate cancer treatment. And some men with prostate cancer find that changing their diet helps them feel more in control.

Physical activity

Physical activity is any type of body movement that uses energy. It doesn’t have to be a sport or going to the gym – it could be walking, swimming or gardening. We don't know for sure if physical activity can help slow the growth of prostate cancer, but we do know that it's important for your overall health and wellbeing. It helps to prevent many health problems such as heart disease and type-2 diabetes, and can help you stay a healthy weight.

Being active can also help with some of the side effects of treatment. For example, physical activity can help manage fatigue and sexual problems. It can also help maintain muscle strength and help you stay a healthy weight. Being a healthy weight may help to lower your risk of advanced prostate cancer.

Physical activity can also help support your emotional and mental wellbeing. It can lift your mood and make you feel happier in your day to day life, as well as helping you cope with feelings of anxiety or depression.

Alcohol

We don’t know if alcohol has any specific effect on men with prostate cancer. But we do know that drinking too much alcohol can make you put on weight and cause other health problems, such as heart disease, liver disease and some cancers.

The government recommends that men should not regularly drink more than 14 units of alcohol per week. That’s equal to six pints of average-strength beer or ten small glasses of average-strength wine. Try to spread this out over the week and have some alcohol-free days.

Speak to your doctor or nurse about whether it’s okay to drink alcohol while you’re having prostate cancer treatment. If you have urinary problems, try to drink less alcohol. Alcohol can irritate the bladder and make urinary problems worse. It could also affect your ability to get an erection. There are lots of tips on drinking less alcohol and getting support the NHS Website.

How many units of alcohol are in a drink?

A pint of lower-strength lager, beer or cider (3.6 per cent alcohol) contains 2-3 units.
A 175ml glass of wine (12 per cent alcohol) contains about 2.1 units.
A 25ml single measure of spirit (40 per cent alcohol) contains 1 unit.

Smoking

Smoking can cause health problems such as heart disease, stroke and some types of cancer. It may also be harmful for men with prostate cancer.

Some research suggests that smoking makes prostate cancer more likely to grow and spread to other parts of the body (advanced prostate cancer). And the more you smoke, the greater the risk.

Smoking may also make prostate cancer more likely to come back after surgery or radiotherapy, and heavy smoking may mean you’re more likely to die from prostate cancer. But the good news is that if you stop smoking, your risk should start to drop – and after 10 years it could be as low as for men who have never smoked.

Stopping smoking can also help with the side effects of prostate cancer treatment. For example, you may be less likely to get certain urinary problems after radiotherapy. And stopping smoking may help to protect your bone health if you're having hormone therapy.

There’s lots of support available to help you stop smoking. For information about stopping smoking, talk to your doctor or visit the NHS website.

How can I eat more healthily?

If you decide to improve your diet, remember that food is an enjoyable and often social part of life. You should still be able to enjoy your meals and occasional treats.

A healthy diet doesn’t need to be boring. In fact, it’s good to eat a variety of different foods so that you get a range of nutrients. Set yourself realistic goals and start by making small changes that you feel comfortable with.

Try to cut down on unhealthy foods and drinks, such as those high in sugar, saturated fat, salt, red and processed meat, and those with added flavouring or preservatives. Look at the labels on packaged foods to find out how many calories (energy), and how much fat, salt and sugar are in them. You can then compare different products to find the healthiest ones. Remember that low-fat foods aren’t always the best option – some may still be high in sugar or calories.

If you want help to improve your diet, ask your doctor to refer you to a dietitian, they can help you make healthy changes to what you eat. They can also give you advice if you have special dietary needs or other health problems that could be affected by your diet, such as diabetes.

The NHS website also has helpful information on how to eat a balanced diet.

Fruit and vegetables

Fruit and vegetables are an important part of a healthy diet and a good source of vitamins, minerals and fibre. Eating lots of fruit and vegetables helps to lower your risk of health problems, including heart disease and some cancers. It can also help you lose weight or stay a healthy weight.

Aim to eat at least five portions (400g) of fruit and vegetables each day. They can be fresh, frozen, dried or tinned with no added sugar or salt. Try to choose tinned fruit in natural juice rather than syrup. Five portions may sound like a lot, but if you try to include one or two portions in each meal, and choose fruit as snacks, this should be enough. The NHS website has lots of examples of single servings.

Starchy foods

Starchy foods are the main source of carbohydrates – they give you energy and help you to feel full for longer, so it’s important to include some starchy foods every day in your diet. Aim to have a portion at each meal.

Starchy foods include cereals, potatoes, bread, rice, pasta, plantain, sweet potato and yam. Choose wholegrain (for example, whole rolled oats, corn, quinoa, granary bread, brown rice) and other high-fibre options (for example, potatoes with their skins on, pulses and beans) where possible. As a general rule, a portion of starchy food is about the size of your fist.

If you are experiencing bowel changes (for example, diarrhoea) as a result of your prostate cancer treatment, speak to your doctor or nurse for advice on changes to your diet.

Protein-rich foods

Protein is an important part of a healthy diet. It helps to build and repair body tissue, maintain muscle mass. Protein also helps make new cells, such as blood cells and hormones. If you are having treatment for prostate cancer, you should aim to eat between 1 and 1.5g of protein / kg of body weight a day. Foods high in protein include beans, pulses, fish, eggs and meat. Aim to have 2-3 portions of protein a day.

If you eat red meat, try to eat no more than 3 portions per week, which is about 350-500g of cooked red meat (700g to 750g before cooking) a week. This includes beef, pork and lamb. You should also try to avoid processed meat and meat cooked at very high temperatures, as this can increase your risk of bowel and stomach cancer. Processed meat is meat that has been preserved by smoking, curing or salting, or with preservatives. It includes ham, bacon and some sausages (for example hot dogs, salami and pepperoni).

You could choose white meat such as chicken with the skin removed or fish instead. Or you could eat beans, peas or lentils, which are lower in fat and higher in fibre than meat.

Dairy and dairy alternatives

Dairy foods are high in calcium. Calcium is important for strong bones and your overall health, so you need some in your diet – around 700mg per day. Some studies suggest that eating a lot of calcium might increase the risk of your prostate cancer growing and spreading. Other studies have found no link, but it may be an idea to avoid eating more than 1500mg of calcium – the amount in about 1.6 litres of milk – a day.

If you’re on hormone therapy, you’ll need extra calcium to protect your bones. This is because hormone therapy can cause bone thinning, which means your bones are more likely to break if you fall over. Men on hormone therapy should aim for 1200-1500mg of calcium (about 2-3 portions of dairy) each day. This is still a safe amount.

Choose lower-fat options such as skimmed or 1% fat milk and reduced-fat cheese. There have been some studies that suggest high-fat dairy foods might increase the risk of your prostate cancer growing and spreading, but others have found no link.

Non-dairy sources of calcium include soya products with added calcium such as plant-based milk and yoghurt, green leafy vegetables, and fish where you eat the bones such as sardines.

If you don’t think there’s enough calcium in your diet, speak to your doctor or nurse about taking calcium supplements.

High-fat foods

You need to eat some fat for your body to function properly. But eating too much fat can make you put on weight, which raises your risk of being diagnosed with aggressive or advanced prostate cancer. There are also different types of fat – saturated fat and unsaturated fat. Unsaturated fats are thought to be healthier than saturated fats.

Unsaturated fats are found in plant foods such as olive oil, vegetable oils, rapeseed oil, avocados, nuts and seeds, and in oily fish such as salmon, mackerel and sardines.

Saturated fats are found in meat, cakes, biscuits, pastries, butter, and high-fat dairy products such as cheese. You should aim to eat no more than 30g of saturated fat a day.

Replacing animal fats with vegetable oils may help men with prostate cancer to live for longer. There is also some research that suggests eating lots of saturated fat might be linked with an increased risk of prostate cancer coming back after surgery, and of developing advanced prostate cancer. But we need more research to know for sure whether this is the case, as other studies haven’t found a link.

If you’re struggling to eat because of nausea (feeling sick), speak to your doctor or dietitian. They’ll be able to give you the support and help you need. You may find it helpful to avoid strong smelling foods. Cold foods tend to smell less, use pre-prepared food, or it may help if someone cooks for you.

Ten steps to eating well

Eat three meals a day. If you don’t feel very hungry or you have difficulty eating, try to eat small amounts often instead.
Include all the food groups. The NHS website has information about the proportions you should include in your diet to get the right balance of nutrients.
Eat at least five portions of fruit and vegetables every day.
Base your meals on high-fibre starchy foods.
Eat a variety of foods high in protein.
Eat some dairy foods or non-dairy sources of calcium.
Choose unsaturated oils and spreads and eat these in small amounts.
Eat less sugar. Sugary foods include cakes, biscuits, puddings and sugary drinks.
Cut down on salt. Eat less than 6g of salt each day. Check the labels and look out for hidden salt in processed foods, such as bread, cereals, bacon and takeaways. Avoid adding salt when you cook – try using herbs and spices to add flavour instead, or use low-salt alternatives.
Drink lots of fluids. Try to drink around 1.5 to 2 litres (3 to 4 pints) a day, which is about 6 to 8 glasses. Water, low fat milk and sugar free drinks, including tea and coffee, all count. Avoid drinking late in the evening and drinks containing caffeine (such as tea, coffee and cola) if you have urinary problems.

Where can I find healthy recipes?

It's always best to speak to your doctor or a dietitian before changing your diet. Depending on your situation, the treatment you've had and your general health, you may need to eat more or less of certain foods.

Unless your doctor or dietitian recommends a specific diet, it's best to have a healthy and balanced diet. Healthy recipes are available from:

You can find information on how much of what you eat should come from each food group, as well as examples or portion sizes at:

How can a healthy lifestyle help with side effects of treatment?

All treatments for prostate cancer can cause side effects. There are treatments available to help manage these, and diet and physical activity can often help too.

Weight gain

Some men put on weight while they are on hormone therapy, particularly around the waist. Being active and eating well can help. But if you’re struggling to lose weight, ask your doctor to refer you to a dietitian or weight-loss programme.

Heart disease and diabetes

Hormone therapy may increase your risk of heart disease and type-2 diabetes. A healthy diet and being active can help prevent them.

Bone thinning

Being on hormone therapy for a long time can gradually make your bones weaker. This is known as bone thinning. It can lead to a condition called osteoporosis, where the bones become weak and are more likely to break (fracture). A number of lifestyle changes may help to keep your bones healthy.

Calcium and vitamin D are important for strong bones. Most of your vitamin D is made inside the body when your skin is exposed to sunlight. But it can be difficult for your body to make enough vitamin D from sunlight alone, especially in winter. You can also get vitamin D from eating oily fish, such as salmon, mackerel and sardines, or foods with added vitamin D, like margarine and some breakfast cereals. You may need to take calcium and vitamin D supplements to help lower your risk of bone thinning – speak to your doctor about this.

Drinking a lot of alcohol and smoking can both raise your risk of bone thinning or osteoporosis.

We don’t yet know whether exercise can help to prevent bone thinning in men who are on hormone therapy. But regular physical activity could help to keep you strong and prevent falls that could cause broken bones. These types of exercises may be particularly helpful:

gentle resistance exercise, such as lifting light weights or using elastic resistance bands
weight-bearing exercise, where you’re standing up and have to support your own weight, such as walking, climbing stairs, tennis and dancing.

Strength and muscle loss

Hormone therapy can cause a loss of muscle tissue so that you feel less physically strong. Regular, gentle resistance exercise, such as lifting light weights, can help with muscle loss and keep your muscles strong.

Hot flushes

Hot flushes are a common side effect of hormone therapy. Staying a healthy weight may help you manage hot flushes. Try to cut down on spicy foods, alcohol and drinks that contain caffeine, such as tea and coffee.

Some men use herbal remedies to help manage their hot flushes, such as sage tea or supplements containing black cohosh. There is no scientific evidence that these are effective and some, including black cohosh, may be harmful. Speak to your doctor before taking any herbal remedies.

Extreme tiredness (fatigue)

Some treatments for prostate cancer, including hormone therapy, radiotherapy and chemotherapy, can cause extreme tiredness. Light to moderate exercise, such as walking or swimming, can make you feel more awake. And doing this type of exercise along with strength training, such as lifting light weights, may be even more effective.

If your treatment is making you feel tired, you may find it hard to be active. Try to plan activities at times when you usually have more energy. If you feel particularly tired, just do gentle exercise for a short time and take lots of breaks. You can even exercise from your chair or bed – for example, use a resistance band to help you lift and stretch your arms and legs.

We have lots of information on fatigue on our website. You can also speak to our specialist nurses about your fatigue. They can help you make lifestyle changes that should improve your fatigue over time.

Anxiety and depression

Many men with prostate cancer feel anxious and sad at times. If your feeling low in mood, sad most of the time or your sleep pattern or appetite has changed, this could be a sign of depression. Many people with depression also experience anxiety. Symptoms of anxiety may include feeling irritable, constant feeling of dread or shortness of breath. Some treatments for prostate cancer, such as hormone therapy and chemotherapy, can also cause depression and mood swings.

Regular physical activity can often help you deal with feelings of anxiety and depression and improve your day to day life. Learning ways to relax, such as yoga or meditation, might also help.

Bowel problems

If you’re having radiotherapy, you may get bowel problems during and after treatment. These might include loose and watery bowel movements (diarrhoea). Eating less fibre for a short time might help with this, although the evidence for this isn’t very strong.

High-fibre foods to avoid include fruits and vegetables. Stick with low-fibre foods which include white rice, pasta and bread, potatoes without the skins, cornmeal, eggs and lean white meat. Make sure you drink lots of water to replace the liquid your body is losing.

Constipation

If you’re taking pain-relieving tablets, these can cause constipation (difficulty having a bowel movement). Try to drink lots of fluids – aim for about two litres (eight glasses) a day. Some men find drinking warm or hot water a few times a day helps. And eat high-fibre foods such as wholemeal bread, porridge and fruits, including prunes in particular.

Gentle exercise may also help with constipation. If things don’t improve, speak to your doctor. They may give you a medicine called a laxative to help empty your bowels.

If you have any questions or concerns about your bowel problems, speak to you doctor or nurse. They can refer you to a dietitian for expert advice, this is because it is important that you continue to eat a range of different food groups.

Urinary problems

Some treatments for prostate cancer can cause difficulty urinating (peeing). Making some changes to your lifestyle could help. Try to drink plenty of fluids – 1.5 to 2 litres (3 to 4 pints) a day. But cut down on fizzy drinks, alcohol and drinks that contain caffeine – like tea, coffee and cola – as these can irritate the bladder. And avoid drinking a lot late in the day to avoid having to get up in the night.

Try to be active and stay a healthy weight, and avoid constipation as this puts pressure on the pelvic floor muscles and bladder, making urinary problems worse. If you smoke, try to stop because coughing also puts pressure on the pelvic floor muscles.

Changes to your sex life

Lifestyle changes, such as staying a healthy weight and being physically active, can help improve your sex life. Hormone therapy, for example, can cause changes to your sex life, including problems getting an erection and loss of desire for sex (low libido). But regular exercise may help you to feel more desire for sex, improve your self-esteem, reduce anxiety and give you more energy.

Questions to ask your doctor or nurse

Are there any foods or supplements I should avoid during my treatment?
Are there any foods or supplements that might help with my side effects?
Are there any complementary therapies I should avoid with my treatment?
What other support is available?

Dealing with prostate cancer

Being diagnosed and living with prostate cancer can change how you feel about life. If you or your loved one is dealing with prostate cancer you may feel scared, stressed or even angry. There is no ‘right’ way to feel and everyone reacts differently.

Visit our Wellbeing Hub for information to help support you in looking after your emotional, mental, and physical wellbeing. If you are close to someone with prostate cancer, find out more about how you can support someone with prostate cancer and where to get more information.

References and reviewers

Last updated: March 2025

To be reviewed: March 2026

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