What do you know about your prostate? Information for black men

• Allen NE, Key TJ, Appleby PN, et al. Animal foods, protein, calcium and prostate cancer risk: the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition. Br J Cancer 2008;98(9):1574-81.
• Arab L, Su J, Steck SE, et al. Adherence to World Cancer Research Fund/American Institute for Cancer Research Lifestyle Recommendations Reduces Prostate Cancer Aggressiveness Among African and Caucasian Americans. Nutrition and Cancer 2013;65(5)633-43.
• Arab L, Su J, Steck SE, et al. Adherence to World Cancer Research Fund/American Institute for Cancer Research Lifestyle Recommendations Reduces Prostate Cancer Aggressiveness Among African and Caucasian Americans. Nutrition and Cancer 2014;65(5)633-43.
• Batai K, Shah E, Murphy AB , et al. Fine mapping of IL16 gene and prostate cancer risk in African Americans. Cancer Epidemiol Markers Prev 2012;21(11):2059-68.
• Brede CM, Shoskes DA. The etiology and management of acute prostatitis. Nat Rev Urol 2011;8:207–12.
• Burford DC, Kirby M, Austoker J. Prostate Cancer Risk Management Programme information for primary care; PSA testing in asymptomatic men. NHS Cancer Screening Programmes, 2009.
• Cao Y, Ma J. Body Mass Index, Prostate Cancer-Specific Mortality, and Biochemical Recurrence: a Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Cancer Prev Res (Phila Pa). 2011 Jan 13;4(4):486–501.
• Castro E, Eeles R. The role of BRAC1 and BRAC2 in prostate cancer. Asian J Androl 2012;14(3):409-14.
• Discacciati A, Orsini N, Wolk A. Body mass index and incidence of localized and advanced prostate cancer - a dose-response meta-analysis of prospective studies. Ann Oncol. 2012 Jan 6;23(7):1665–71.
• Gao X, LaValley MP, Tucker KL. Prospective studies of dairy product and calcium intakes and prostate cancer risk: A meta-analysis. J Natl Cancer Inst 2005;97(23):1768-77.
• Giovannucci E, Liu Y, Platz EA, et al. Risk factors for prostate cancer incidence and progression in the health professionals follow-up study. Int J Cancer 2007;121(7):1571-8.
• Ho T, Gerber L, Aronson WJ, Terris MK, Presti JC, Kane CJ, et al. Obesity, Prostate-Specific Antigen Nadir, and Biochemical Recurrence After Radical Prostatectomy: Biology or Technique? Results from the SEARCH Database. Eur Urol 2012;62(5):910–6.
• Hooker S, Hernandez W, Chen H, et al. Replication of prostate cancer risk loci on 8q24, 11q13, 17q12, 19q33, and Xp11 in African Americans. Prostate 2010;70(3):270-6.
• Johns LE, Houlston RS. A systematic review and meta-analysis of familial prostate cancer risk. BJU Int 2003;91:789-94.
• Jones AL, Chinegwundoh F. Update on prostatecancer in blackmen within the UK. Ecancermedicalscience 2014;8:455.
• Kheirandish P, Chinegwundoh F. Ethnic differences in prostate cancer. Br J Cancer 2011;105:481-85.
• Kirby M, Chapple C, Jackson G, et al. Erectile dysfunction and lower urinary tract symptoms: a consensus on the importance of co-diagnosis. Int J Clin Pract 2013;67(7):606-18.
• Lavender NA, Benford ML, VanCleave TT. Examination of polymorphic glutathione S-transferase (GST) genes, tobacco smoking and prostate cancer risk among Men of African Descent: A case-control study. BMC Cancer 2009;9:397
• Lloyd T, Hounsome L, Mehay A, Mee S, Verne J, Cooper A. Lifetime risk of being diagnosed with, or dying from, prostate cancer by major ethnic group in England 2008–2010. BMC Med 2015;13(1):171
• Ma RW, Chapman K. A systematic review of the effect of diet in prostate cancer prevention and treatment. J Human Nutrition and Dietetics 2009;22(3):187-99.
• Mason TE, Ricks-Santi L, Chen W, et al. Association of CD14 variant with prostate cancer in African American men Prostate 2010;70(3):262-9.
• McPherson K, Steel CM, Dixon JM. ABC of Breast Diseases. Breast cancer: epidemiology, risk factors and genetics. BMJ 2000;321:624–8.
• Mitra AV, Bancroft EK, Barbachano Y, et al Targeted prostate cancer screening in men with mutations in BRCA1 and BRCA2 detects aggressive prostate cancer: preliminary analysis of the results of the IMPACT study. BJU Int 2010;107:28-39.
• Mottet N, Bastian PJ, Bellmunt J, et al. Guidelines on prostate cancer. European Association of Urology. April 2014
• National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence. Lower urinary tract symptoms. The management of lower urinary tract symptoms in men. 2010.
• Orsini N, Bellocco R, Bottai M, et al. A prospective study of lifetime physical activity and prostate cancer incidence and mortality. Br J Cancer 2009;101(11):1932-8.
• Popiolek M, et al. Natural History of Early, Localized Prostate Cancer: A Final Report from Three Decades of Follow-up. Eur Urol 2012.
• Popiolek M, Rider JR, Andren O, et al. Natural history of early, localized prostate cancer: A final report from three decades of follow-up. Eur Urol 2013;63(3):42835.
• Prostate cancer incidence statistics. Cancer Research UK. 2014 Available from: www.cancerresearchuk.org
• Prostatitis: Disorders of the Prostate. National Kidney and Urological Diseases Information Clearing House. January 2015
• Roehrborn CG. BPH progression: concept and key learning from MTOPS, ALTESS, COMBAT, and ALF-ONE. BJU Int 2008;101(3):17-21.
• Selvadurai ED, Singhera M, Thomas K, et al. Medium-term outcomes of active surveillance for localised prostate cancer. Eur Urol 2013;64(6):981–87
• Speakman M, Kirby R, Doyle S, Loannou C. Burden of male lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) suggestive of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) - focus on the UK. BJU Int 2014.
• Thompson D, Easton DF. Cancer Incidence in BRCA1 mutation carriers. J Natl Cancer Inst 2002;94(18):1358-65.
• Walsh AL, Considine S, Thomas AZ, et al. Digital rectal examination in primary care is important for early detection of prostate cancer: a retrospective cohort analysis study. Br J Gen Pract 2014

This leaflet was reviewed by:

• Nicola Anyamene, Consultant Clinical Oncologist and  Clinical Tutor, Mount Vernon Cancer Centre, Mount Vernon hospital, East and North Hertfordshire NHS Trust
• Frank Chinegwundoh, Consultant Urological Surgeon, Barts Health NHS Trust, and Honorary Visiting Professor City University London, School of Health Sciences, London
• Rhoda Molife, Medical Oncologist, Phase I Trials Drug Development Unit, The Royal Marsden, Sutton